{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Project 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 1"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "A package is a group of Python modules that, when imported into your Python workspace allow for the use of various, helpful commands. Within each package are a series of libraries that each have a specific function relating to the main package. To install a package and library, you must first make sure the intended package is installed within the Python interpreter - found under Preferences in PyCharm. If it is not installed, a package can be easily found by typing in its name and adding it to the interpreter. Once the package is installed, you then have to import it into the workspace with a line of code. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This would import the pandas library into your workspace under an alias 'pd'. Using an alias can be helpful in keeping code short and easy to read."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from datetime import datetime"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "This would import the datetime function from the datetime library. This is helpful when you only need access to a certain function from within a library; rather than importing the entire library, you can import certain functions specifically. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "A data frame is a structure that allows for the reading of data sets by organizing data entries into a table of columns and values. When working with dataframes, the pandas library is particularly helpful as it allows for the reading of the data in addition to data subsetting and manipulation. To read a file in its remote location in your file system, you would need to write a `read_()` command, specifying the library you are using and the path to the file. The pandas library has already been imported under an alias, so the code used would look something like this:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "path_to_data = 'gapminder.tsv'"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data = pd.read_csv(path_to_data, sep = '\\t')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The dataset we're working this is tab-separated; however the pandas library will assume it is a comma-separated file. To get around this, within the `read_()` command, specify that you want data read as a csv file, `read_csv()`, while including that the data originally was tab-separated, `sep = '\\t'`. \n",
    "\n",
    "To return a description of the data, use the `describe()` command:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 22,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>lifeExp</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>gdpPercap</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>count</th>\n",
       "      <td>1704.00000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1704.000000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.704000e+03</td>\n",
       "      <td>1704.000000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>mean</th>\n",
       "      <td>1979.50000</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.474439</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.960121e+07</td>\n",
       "      <td>7215.327081</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>std</th>\n",
       "      <td>17.26533</td>\n",
       "      <td>12.917107</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.061579e+08</td>\n",
       "      <td>9857.454543</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>min</th>\n",
       "      <td>1952.00000</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.599000</td>\n",
       "      <td>6.001100e+04</td>\n",
       "      <td>241.165877</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25%</th>\n",
       "      <td>1965.75000</td>\n",
       "      <td>48.198000</td>\n",
       "      <td>2.793664e+06</td>\n",
       "      <td>1202.060309</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>50%</th>\n",
       "      <td>1979.50000</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.712500</td>\n",
       "      <td>7.023596e+06</td>\n",
       "      <td>3531.846989</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>75%</th>\n",
       "      <td>1993.25000</td>\n",
       "      <td>70.845500</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.958522e+07</td>\n",
       "      <td>9325.462346</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>max</th>\n",
       "      <td>2007.00000</td>\n",
       "      <td>82.603000</td>\n",
       "      <td>1.318683e+09</td>\n",
       "      <td>113523.132900</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "             year      lifeExp           pop      gdpPercap\n",
       "count  1704.00000  1704.000000  1.704000e+03    1704.000000\n",
       "mean   1979.50000    59.474439  2.960121e+07    7215.327081\n",
       "std      17.26533    12.917107  1.061579e+08    9857.454543\n",
       "min    1952.00000    23.599000  6.001100e+04     241.165877\n",
       "25%    1965.75000    48.198000  2.793664e+06    1202.060309\n",
       "50%    1979.50000    60.712500  7.023596e+06    3531.846989\n",
       "75%    1993.25000    70.845500  1.958522e+07    9325.462346\n",
       "max    2007.00000    82.603000  1.318683e+09  113523.132900"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 22,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.describe()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "To determine how many rows and columns are included in the dataset, use the .shape() command."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1704"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 28,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.shape[0]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "6"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 29,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.shape[1]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "There are 1704 rows and 6 columns in this dataframe. To get a summary of the names of the columns, use `data.info()`, or `data.columns()` as a list:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>\n",
      "RangeIndex: 1704 entries, 0 to 1703\n",
      "Data columns (total 6 columns):\n",
      "country      1704 non-null object\n",
      "continent    1704 non-null object\n",
      "year         1704 non-null int64\n",
      "lifeExp      1704 non-null float64\n",
      "pop          1704 non-null int64\n",
      "gdpPercap    1704 non-null float64\n",
      "dtypes: float64(2), int64(2), object(2)\n",
      "memory usage: 80.0+ KB\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.info()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "['country', 'continent', 'year', 'lifeExp', 'pop', 'gdpPercap']"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 31,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list(data.columns)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1952, 1957, 1962, 1967, 1972, 1977, 1982, 1987, 1992, 1997, 2002, 2007]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data['year'].unique().tolist()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "142"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(data[(data['year'] == data['year'].max())])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "142"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "len(data[(data['year'] == 2002)])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Starting in 1952, the years come in five-year increments. To make it more current, data from 2012 and 2017 should be included, adding 142 records for each year to the data frame - 284 in total."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 4"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>country</th>\n",
       "      <th>continent</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>lifeExp</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>gdpPercap</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1292</th>\n",
       "      <td>Rwanda</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>23.599</td>\n",
       "      <td>7290203</td>\n",
       "      <td>737.068595</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     country continent  year  lifeExp      pop   gdpPercap\n",
       "1292  Rwanda    Africa  1992   23.599  7290203  737.068595"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data[(data['lifeExp'] == data['lifeExp'].min())]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "In this data frame, the lowest life expectancy occured in Rwanda in 1992, where life expectancy was about 23 years. This was around the time of the Rwanda genocide, when up to a million people were killed. This, in addition to the nation's poor public health at the time was likely the biggest factor in driving down average life expectancy. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "total_gdp = (data['pop'] * data['gdpPercap'])\n",
    "data['totalGDP'] = total_gdp.tolist()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "In 2007, total GDP for Germany, France, Italy, and Spain were as follows: "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data_europe2007 = data[(data['continent']=='Europe') & (data['year'] == data['year'].max())]\n",
    "data_fgis2007 = data_europe2007[(data_europe2007['country']=='Spain') | (data_europe2007['country']=='France') | (data_europe2007['country']=='Germany') | (data_europe2007['country']=='Italy')]\n",
    "name_gdp = data_fgis2007[['country', 'totalGDP']]\n",
    "name_gdp.sort_values(by=['totalGDP'], ascending = False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "In 2002, total GDP for Germany, France, Italy, and Spain were as follows: "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "data_europe2002 = data[(data['continent']=='Europe') & (data['year'] == 2002)]\n",
    "data_fgis2002 = data_europe2002[(data_europe2002['country']=='Spain') | (data_europe2002['country']=='France') | (data_europe2002['country']=='Germany') | (data_europe2002['country']=='Italy')]\n",
    "name_gdp = data_fgis2002[['country', 'totalGDP']]\n",
    "name_gdp.sort_values(by=['totalGDP'], ascending=False)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "Spain experienced the greatest increase in total GDP between 2002 and 2007, increasing from .97 trillion USD to 1.16 trillion USD."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 6"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The '&' symbol is used to represent 'and' and would be used in cases where you are looking for data that has both of the given criteria. The '==' symbol is used for checking if a variable is equal to a certain value in conditional statements. Using a single equal sign would only be appropriate when assigning values to a variable name. The following code would return values where country is equal to Europe and the year is equal to 2007."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>country</th>\n",
       "      <th>continent</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>lifeExp</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>gdpPercap</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>23</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>76.423</td>\n",
       "      <td>3600523</td>\n",
       "      <td>5937.029526</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>83</th>\n",
       "      <td>Austria</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>79.829</td>\n",
       "      <td>8199783</td>\n",
       "      <td>36126.492700</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>119</th>\n",
       "      <td>Belgium</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>79.441</td>\n",
       "      <td>10392226</td>\n",
       "      <td>33692.605080</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>155</th>\n",
       "      <td>Bosnia and Herzegovina</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>74.852</td>\n",
       "      <td>4552198</td>\n",
       "      <td>7446.298803</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>191</th>\n",
       "      <td>Bulgaria</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>73.005</td>\n",
       "      <td>7322858</td>\n",
       "      <td>10680.792820</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>383</th>\n",
       "      <td>Croatia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>75.748</td>\n",
       "      <td>4493312</td>\n",
       "      <td>14619.222720</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>407</th>\n",
       "      <td>Czech Republic</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>76.486</td>\n",
       "      <td>10228744</td>\n",
       "      <td>22833.308510</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>419</th>\n",
       "      <td>Denmark</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>78.332</td>\n",
       "      <td>5468120</td>\n",
       "      <td>35278.418740</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>527</th>\n",
       "      <td>Finland</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>79.313</td>\n",
       "      <td>5238460</td>\n",
       "      <td>33207.084400</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>539</th>\n",
       "      <td>France</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>80.657</td>\n",
       "      <td>61083916</td>\n",
       "      <td>30470.016700</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>575</th>\n",
       "      <td>Germany</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>79.406</td>\n",
       "      <td>82400996</td>\n",
       "      <td>32170.374420</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>599</th>\n",
       "      <td>Greece</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>79.483</td>\n",
       "      <td>10706290</td>\n",
       "      <td>27538.411880</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>683</th>\n",
       "      <td>Hungary</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>73.338</td>\n",
       "      <td>9956108</td>\n",
       "      <td>18008.944440</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>695</th>\n",
       "      <td>Iceland</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>81.757</td>\n",
       "      <td>301931</td>\n",
       "      <td>36180.789190</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>755</th>\n",
       "      <td>Ireland</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>78.885</td>\n",
       "      <td>4109086</td>\n",
       "      <td>40675.996350</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>779</th>\n",
       "      <td>Italy</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>80.546</td>\n",
       "      <td>58147733</td>\n",
       "      <td>28569.719700</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1019</th>\n",
       "      <td>Montenegro</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>74.543</td>\n",
       "      <td>684736</td>\n",
       "      <td>9253.896111</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1091</th>\n",
       "      <td>Netherlands</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>79.762</td>\n",
       "      <td>16570613</td>\n",
       "      <td>36797.933320</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1151</th>\n",
       "      <td>Norway</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>80.196</td>\n",
       "      <td>4627926</td>\n",
       "      <td>49357.190170</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1235</th>\n",
       "      <td>Poland</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>75.563</td>\n",
       "      <td>38518241</td>\n",
       "      <td>15389.924680</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1247</th>\n",
       "      <td>Portugal</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>78.098</td>\n",
       "      <td>10642836</td>\n",
       "      <td>20509.647770</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1283</th>\n",
       "      <td>Romania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>72.476</td>\n",
       "      <td>22276056</td>\n",
       "      <td>10808.475610</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1343</th>\n",
       "      <td>Serbia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>74.002</td>\n",
       "      <td>10150265</td>\n",
       "      <td>9786.534714</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1379</th>\n",
       "      <td>Slovak Republic</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>74.663</td>\n",
       "      <td>5447502</td>\n",
       "      <td>18678.314350</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1391</th>\n",
       "      <td>Slovenia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>77.926</td>\n",
       "      <td>2009245</td>\n",
       "      <td>25768.257590</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1427</th>\n",
       "      <td>Spain</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>80.941</td>\n",
       "      <td>40448191</td>\n",
       "      <td>28821.063700</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1475</th>\n",
       "      <td>Sweden</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>80.884</td>\n",
       "      <td>9031088</td>\n",
       "      <td>33859.748350</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1487</th>\n",
       "      <td>Switzerland</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>81.701</td>\n",
       "      <td>7554661</td>\n",
       "      <td>37506.419070</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1583</th>\n",
       "      <td>Turkey</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>71.777</td>\n",
       "      <td>71158647</td>\n",
       "      <td>8458.276384</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1607</th>\n",
       "      <td>United Kingdom</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>79.425</td>\n",
       "      <td>60776238</td>\n",
       "      <td>33203.261280</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "                     country continent  year  lifeExp       pop     gdpPercap\n",
       "23                   Albania    Europe  2007   76.423   3600523   5937.029526\n",
       "83                   Austria    Europe  2007   79.829   8199783  36126.492700\n",
       "119                  Belgium    Europe  2007   79.441  10392226  33692.605080\n",
       "155   Bosnia and Herzegovina    Europe  2007   74.852   4552198   7446.298803\n",
       "191                 Bulgaria    Europe  2007   73.005   7322858  10680.792820\n",
       "383                  Croatia    Europe  2007   75.748   4493312  14619.222720\n",
       "407           Czech Republic    Europe  2007   76.486  10228744  22833.308510\n",
       "419                  Denmark    Europe  2007   78.332   5468120  35278.418740\n",
       "527                  Finland    Europe  2007   79.313   5238460  33207.084400\n",
       "539                   France    Europe  2007   80.657  61083916  30470.016700\n",
       "575                  Germany    Europe  2007   79.406  82400996  32170.374420\n",
       "599                   Greece    Europe  2007   79.483  10706290  27538.411880\n",
       "683                  Hungary    Europe  2007   73.338   9956108  18008.944440\n",
       "695                  Iceland    Europe  2007   81.757    301931  36180.789190\n",
       "755                  Ireland    Europe  2007   78.885   4109086  40675.996350\n",
       "779                    Italy    Europe  2007   80.546  58147733  28569.719700\n",
       "1019              Montenegro    Europe  2007   74.543    684736   9253.896111\n",
       "1091             Netherlands    Europe  2007   79.762  16570613  36797.933320\n",
       "1151                  Norway    Europe  2007   80.196   4627926  49357.190170\n",
       "1235                  Poland    Europe  2007   75.563  38518241  15389.924680\n",
       "1247                Portugal    Europe  2007   78.098  10642836  20509.647770\n",
       "1283                 Romania    Europe  2007   72.476  22276056  10808.475610\n",
       "1343                  Serbia    Europe  2007   74.002  10150265   9786.534714\n",
       "1379         Slovak Republic    Europe  2007   74.663   5447502  18678.314350\n",
       "1391                Slovenia    Europe  2007   77.926   2009245  25768.257590\n",
       "1427                   Spain    Europe  2007   80.941  40448191  28821.063700\n",
       "1475                  Sweden    Europe  2007   80.884   9031088  33859.748350\n",
       "1487             Switzerland    Europe  2007   81.701   7554661  37506.419070\n",
       "1583                  Turkey    Europe  2007   71.777  71158647   8458.276384\n",
       "1607          United Kingdom    Europe  2007   79.425  60776238  33203.261280"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data_europe2007 = data[(data['continent']=='Europe') & (data['year'] == data['year'].max())]\n",
    "data_europe2007"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "\n",
    "The '|' symbol is used to represent 'or' and would return True as long as at least one of the given arguments is True. The following code will return True even though 3 is not greater than 4, because it is only asking if one of the given arguements is correct."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "(1+2 == 3) | (3 > 4)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The '^' symbol is used to represent an exclusive or. It will return True if one argument is True and the other False, but will return False if both are True or both are False. The following will return False as both are False."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 9,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "('cat' == 'dog') ^ (2 > 1)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 7"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The .loc command is a location command used to extract a row of data when given its index label as a parameter. The .iloc works similarly but returns a row by it's integer position in the dataset rather than its index label. The following code will return all rows of data between the integer positions 1691 and 1702, not including entry 1702."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>country</th>\n",
       "      <th>continent</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>lifeExp</th>\n",
       "      <th>pop</th>\n",
       "      <th>gdpPercap</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1691</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.384</td>\n",
       "      <td>11746035</td>\n",
       "      <td>1271.211593</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1692</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>48.451</td>\n",
       "      <td>3080907</td>\n",
       "      <td>406.884115</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1693</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.469</td>\n",
       "      <td>3646340</td>\n",
       "      <td>518.764268</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1694</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>52.358</td>\n",
       "      <td>4277736</td>\n",
       "      <td>527.272182</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1695</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>53.995</td>\n",
       "      <td>4995432</td>\n",
       "      <td>569.795071</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1696</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>55.635</td>\n",
       "      <td>5861135</td>\n",
       "      <td>799.362176</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1697</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>57.674</td>\n",
       "      <td>6642107</td>\n",
       "      <td>685.587682</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1698</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.363</td>\n",
       "      <td>7636524</td>\n",
       "      <td>788.855041</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1699</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>62.351</td>\n",
       "      <td>9216418</td>\n",
       "      <td>706.157306</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1700</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.377</td>\n",
       "      <td>10704340</td>\n",
       "      <td>693.420786</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1701</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>46.809</td>\n",
       "      <td>11404948</td>\n",
       "      <td>792.449960</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "       country continent  year  lifeExp       pop    gdpPercap\n",
       "1691    Zambia    Africa  2007   42.384  11746035  1271.211593\n",
       "1692  Zimbabwe    Africa  1952   48.451   3080907   406.884115\n",
       "1693  Zimbabwe    Africa  1957   50.469   3646340   518.764268\n",
       "1694  Zimbabwe    Africa  1962   52.358   4277736   527.272182\n",
       "1695  Zimbabwe    Africa  1967   53.995   4995432   569.795071\n",
       "1696  Zimbabwe    Africa  1972   55.635   5861135   799.362176\n",
       "1697  Zimbabwe    Africa  1977   57.674   6642107   685.587682\n",
       "1698  Zimbabwe    Africa  1982   60.363   7636524   788.855041\n",
       "1699  Zimbabwe    Africa  1987   62.351   9216418   706.157306\n",
       "1700  Zimbabwe    Africa  1992   60.377  10704340   693.420786\n",
       "1701  Zimbabwe    Africa  1997   46.809  11404948   792.449960"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 11,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.iloc[1691:1702]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "The following code will return all observations from the second, third, and fourth columns. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>continent</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>lifeExp</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.801</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.332</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.997</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>34.020</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.088</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.438</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.854</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.822</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>8</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.674</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>9</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.763</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>10</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.129</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>11</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>43.828</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>12</th>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>55.230</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>13</th>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.280</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>14</th>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>64.820</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>15</th>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>66.220</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>16</th>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>67.690</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>17</th>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>68.930</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>18</th>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>70.420</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>19</th>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>72.000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>20</th>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>71.581</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>21</th>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>72.950</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>22</th>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>75.651</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>23</th>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>76.423</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>24</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>43.077</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.685</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>26</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>48.303</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>27</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>51.407</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>28</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>54.518</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>29</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>58.014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1674</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>49.113</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1675</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>52.922</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1676</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>55.599</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1677</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>58.020</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1678</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.308</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1679</th>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>62.698</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1680</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.038</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1681</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>44.077</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1682</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>46.023</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1683</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>47.768</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1684</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.107</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1685</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>51.386</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1686</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>51.821</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1687</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.821</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1688</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>46.100</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1689</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.238</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1690</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.193</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1691</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.384</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1692</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>48.451</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1693</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.469</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1694</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>52.358</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1695</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>53.995</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1696</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>55.635</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1697</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>57.674</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1698</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.363</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1699</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>62.351</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1700</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.377</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1701</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>46.809</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1702</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.989</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1703</th>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>43.487</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>1704 rows × 3 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "     continent  year  lifeExp\n",
       "0         Asia  1952   28.801\n",
       "1         Asia  1957   30.332\n",
       "2         Asia  1962   31.997\n",
       "3         Asia  1967   34.020\n",
       "4         Asia  1972   36.088\n",
       "5         Asia  1977   38.438\n",
       "6         Asia  1982   39.854\n",
       "7         Asia  1987   40.822\n",
       "8         Asia  1992   41.674\n",
       "9         Asia  1997   41.763\n",
       "10        Asia  2002   42.129\n",
       "11        Asia  2007   43.828\n",
       "12      Europe  1952   55.230\n",
       "13      Europe  1957   59.280\n",
       "14      Europe  1962   64.820\n",
       "15      Europe  1967   66.220\n",
       "16      Europe  1972   67.690\n",
       "17      Europe  1977   68.930\n",
       "18      Europe  1982   70.420\n",
       "19      Europe  1987   72.000\n",
       "20      Europe  1992   71.581\n",
       "21      Europe  1997   72.950\n",
       "22      Europe  2002   75.651\n",
       "23      Europe  2007   76.423\n",
       "24      Africa  1952   43.077\n",
       "25      Africa  1957   45.685\n",
       "26      Africa  1962   48.303\n",
       "27      Africa  1967   51.407\n",
       "28      Africa  1972   54.518\n",
       "29      Africa  1977   58.014\n",
       "...        ...   ...      ...\n",
       "1674      Asia  1982   49.113\n",
       "1675      Asia  1987   52.922\n",
       "1676      Asia  1992   55.599\n",
       "1677      Asia  1997   58.020\n",
       "1678      Asia  2002   60.308\n",
       "1679      Asia  2007   62.698\n",
       "1680    Africa  1952   42.038\n",
       "1681    Africa  1957   44.077\n",
       "1682    Africa  1962   46.023\n",
       "1683    Africa  1967   47.768\n",
       "1684    Africa  1972   50.107\n",
       "1685    Africa  1977   51.386\n",
       "1686    Africa  1982   51.821\n",
       "1687    Africa  1987   50.821\n",
       "1688    Africa  1992   46.100\n",
       "1689    Africa  1997   40.238\n",
       "1690    Africa  2002   39.193\n",
       "1691    Africa  2007   42.384\n",
       "1692    Africa  1952   48.451\n",
       "1693    Africa  1957   50.469\n",
       "1694    Africa  1962   52.358\n",
       "1695    Africa  1967   53.995\n",
       "1696    Africa  1972   55.635\n",
       "1697    Africa  1977   57.674\n",
       "1698    Africa  1982   60.363\n",
       "1699    Africa  1987   62.351\n",
       "1700    Africa  1992   60.377\n",
       "1701    Africa  1997   46.809\n",
       "1702    Africa  2002   39.989\n",
       "1703    Africa  2007   43.487\n",
       "\n",
       "[1704 rows x 3 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.iloc[:, 1:4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 8"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "An ai is an Application Programming Interface, and it a part of a website's remote server that receives and processes requests. It allows different applications to work together.\n",
    "\n",
    "To pull data from a remote server, you first have to send a request using the requests library."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import requests"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "You then must specify where the data is coming from in a url. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "url = \"https://api.covidtracking.com/v1/states/daily.csv\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Then you can write it to a local file in a folder on your server using the os library."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import os\n",
    "\n",
    "data_folder = 'data'\n",
    "if not os.path.exists(data_folder):\n",
    "    os.makedirs(data_folder)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "After setting a filename for your data, you can retrieve the data from the request and populate your new file."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from datetime import datetime as dt\n",
    "import pytz\n",
    " \n",
    "file_name_short = 'ctp_' + str(dt.now(tz = pytz.utc)).replace(' ', '_') + '.csv'\n",
    "file_name = os.path.join(data_folder, file_name_short)\n",
    "\n",
    "r = requests.get(url)\n",
    "\n",
    "with open(file_name, 'wb') as f:\n",
    "    f.write(r.content)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Once your file is written, you cna import it into your workspace using pandas."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd\n",
    "df = pd.read_csv(file_name)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## 9\n",
    "\n",
    "The apply() function from the pandas library allows for the user to take any function and apply it to all values in the given series. For example, the apply() function could be used to sum all values for a particular column. Using apply() could be an alternative to writing out an actual function and then having to execute it across all series objects, which could lower output speed and efficiency, while taking up more space and increasing the chance of making a mistake. \n",
    "\n",
    "## 10 \n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "Instead of using .iloc to filter columns, you could just make a new subset of your data frame. The following two lines of code return the same output; however, using the first option is potentially easier and allows both consecutive and non-consecutive columns to be extracted by name. "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>country</th>\n",
       "      <th>continent</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>lifeExp</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.801</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.332</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.997</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>34.020</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.088</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.438</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.854</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.822</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>8</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.674</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>9</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.763</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>10</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.129</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>11</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>43.828</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>12</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>55.230</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>13</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.280</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>14</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>64.820</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>15</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>66.220</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>16</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>67.690</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>17</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>68.930</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>18</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>70.420</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>19</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>72.000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>20</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>71.581</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>21</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>72.950</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>22</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>75.651</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>23</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>76.423</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>24</th>\n",
       "      <td>Algeria</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>43.077</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25</th>\n",
       "      <td>Algeria</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.685</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>26</th>\n",
       "      <td>Algeria</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>48.303</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>27</th>\n",
       "      <td>Algeria</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>51.407</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>28</th>\n",
       "      <td>Algeria</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>54.518</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>29</th>\n",
       "      <td>Algeria</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>58.014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1674</th>\n",
       "      <td>Yemen, Rep.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>49.113</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1675</th>\n",
       "      <td>Yemen, Rep.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>52.922</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1676</th>\n",
       "      <td>Yemen, Rep.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>55.599</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1677</th>\n",
       "      <td>Yemen, Rep.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>58.020</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1678</th>\n",
       "      <td>Yemen, Rep.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.308</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1679</th>\n",
       "      <td>Yemen, Rep.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>62.698</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1680</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.038</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1681</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>44.077</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1682</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>46.023</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1683</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>47.768</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1684</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.107</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1685</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>51.386</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1686</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>51.821</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1687</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.821</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1688</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>46.100</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1689</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.238</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1690</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.193</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1691</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.384</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1692</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>48.451</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1693</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.469</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1694</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>52.358</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1695</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>53.995</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1696</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>55.635</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1697</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>57.674</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1698</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.363</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1699</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>62.351</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1700</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.377</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1701</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>46.809</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1702</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.989</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1703</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>43.487</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>1704 rows × 4 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          country continent  year  lifeExp\n",
       "0     Afghanistan      Asia  1952   28.801\n",
       "1     Afghanistan      Asia  1957   30.332\n",
       "2     Afghanistan      Asia  1962   31.997\n",
       "3     Afghanistan      Asia  1967   34.020\n",
       "4     Afghanistan      Asia  1972   36.088\n",
       "5     Afghanistan      Asia  1977   38.438\n",
       "6     Afghanistan      Asia  1982   39.854\n",
       "7     Afghanistan      Asia  1987   40.822\n",
       "8     Afghanistan      Asia  1992   41.674\n",
       "9     Afghanistan      Asia  1997   41.763\n",
       "10    Afghanistan      Asia  2002   42.129\n",
       "11    Afghanistan      Asia  2007   43.828\n",
       "12        Albania    Europe  1952   55.230\n",
       "13        Albania    Europe  1957   59.280\n",
       "14        Albania    Europe  1962   64.820\n",
       "15        Albania    Europe  1967   66.220\n",
       "16        Albania    Europe  1972   67.690\n",
       "17        Albania    Europe  1977   68.930\n",
       "18        Albania    Europe  1982   70.420\n",
       "19        Albania    Europe  1987   72.000\n",
       "20        Albania    Europe  1992   71.581\n",
       "21        Albania    Europe  1997   72.950\n",
       "22        Albania    Europe  2002   75.651\n",
       "23        Albania    Europe  2007   76.423\n",
       "24        Algeria    Africa  1952   43.077\n",
       "25        Algeria    Africa  1957   45.685\n",
       "26        Algeria    Africa  1962   48.303\n",
       "27        Algeria    Africa  1967   51.407\n",
       "28        Algeria    Africa  1972   54.518\n",
       "29        Algeria    Africa  1977   58.014\n",
       "...           ...       ...   ...      ...\n",
       "1674  Yemen, Rep.      Asia  1982   49.113\n",
       "1675  Yemen, Rep.      Asia  1987   52.922\n",
       "1676  Yemen, Rep.      Asia  1992   55.599\n",
       "1677  Yemen, Rep.      Asia  1997   58.020\n",
       "1678  Yemen, Rep.      Asia  2002   60.308\n",
       "1679  Yemen, Rep.      Asia  2007   62.698\n",
       "1680       Zambia    Africa  1952   42.038\n",
       "1681       Zambia    Africa  1957   44.077\n",
       "1682       Zambia    Africa  1962   46.023\n",
       "1683       Zambia    Africa  1967   47.768\n",
       "1684       Zambia    Africa  1972   50.107\n",
       "1685       Zambia    Africa  1977   51.386\n",
       "1686       Zambia    Africa  1982   51.821\n",
       "1687       Zambia    Africa  1987   50.821\n",
       "1688       Zambia    Africa  1992   46.100\n",
       "1689       Zambia    Africa  1997   40.238\n",
       "1690       Zambia    Africa  2002   39.193\n",
       "1691       Zambia    Africa  2007   42.384\n",
       "1692     Zimbabwe    Africa  1952   48.451\n",
       "1693     Zimbabwe    Africa  1957   50.469\n",
       "1694     Zimbabwe    Africa  1962   52.358\n",
       "1695     Zimbabwe    Africa  1967   53.995\n",
       "1696     Zimbabwe    Africa  1972   55.635\n",
       "1697     Zimbabwe    Africa  1977   57.674\n",
       "1698     Zimbabwe    Africa  1982   60.363\n",
       "1699     Zimbabwe    Africa  1987   62.351\n",
       "1700     Zimbabwe    Africa  1992   60.377\n",
       "1701     Zimbabwe    Africa  1997   46.809\n",
       "1702     Zimbabwe    Africa  2002   39.989\n",
       "1703     Zimbabwe    Africa  2007   43.487\n",
       "\n",
       "[1704 rows x 4 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data[[\"country\", \"continent\", \"year\", \"lifeExp\"]]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/html": [
       "<div>\n",
       "<style scoped>\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th:only-of-type {\n",
       "        vertical-align: middle;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe tbody tr th {\n",
       "        vertical-align: top;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "\n",
       "    .dataframe thead th {\n",
       "        text-align: right;\n",
       "    }\n",
       "</style>\n",
       "<table border=\"1\" class=\"dataframe\">\n",
       "  <thead>\n",
       "    <tr style=\"text-align: right;\">\n",
       "      <th></th>\n",
       "      <th>country</th>\n",
       "      <th>continent</th>\n",
       "      <th>year</th>\n",
       "      <th>lifeExp</th>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </thead>\n",
       "  <tbody>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>0</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>28.801</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>30.332</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>2</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>31.997</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>3</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>34.020</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>4</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>36.088</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>5</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>38.438</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>6</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.854</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>7</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.822</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>8</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.674</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>9</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>41.763</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>10</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.129</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>11</th>\n",
       "      <td>Afghanistan</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>43.828</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>12</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>55.230</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>13</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>59.280</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>14</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>64.820</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>15</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>66.220</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>16</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>67.690</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>17</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>68.930</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>18</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>70.420</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>19</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>72.000</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>20</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>71.581</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>21</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>72.950</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>22</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>75.651</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>23</th>\n",
       "      <td>Albania</td>\n",
       "      <td>Europe</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>76.423</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>24</th>\n",
       "      <td>Algeria</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>43.077</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>25</th>\n",
       "      <td>Algeria</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>45.685</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>26</th>\n",
       "      <td>Algeria</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>48.303</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>27</th>\n",
       "      <td>Algeria</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>51.407</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>28</th>\n",
       "      <td>Algeria</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>54.518</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>29</th>\n",
       "      <td>Algeria</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>58.014</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>...</th>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "      <td>...</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1674</th>\n",
       "      <td>Yemen, Rep.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>49.113</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1675</th>\n",
       "      <td>Yemen, Rep.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>52.922</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1676</th>\n",
       "      <td>Yemen, Rep.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>55.599</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1677</th>\n",
       "      <td>Yemen, Rep.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>58.020</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1678</th>\n",
       "      <td>Yemen, Rep.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.308</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1679</th>\n",
       "      <td>Yemen, Rep.</td>\n",
       "      <td>Asia</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>62.698</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1680</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.038</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1681</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>44.077</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1682</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>46.023</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1683</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>47.768</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1684</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.107</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1685</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>51.386</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1686</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>51.821</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1687</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.821</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1688</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>46.100</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1689</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>40.238</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1690</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.193</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1691</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zambia</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>42.384</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1692</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1952</td>\n",
       "      <td>48.451</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1693</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1957</td>\n",
       "      <td>50.469</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1694</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1962</td>\n",
       "      <td>52.358</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1695</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1967</td>\n",
       "      <td>53.995</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1696</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1972</td>\n",
       "      <td>55.635</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1697</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1977</td>\n",
       "      <td>57.674</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1698</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1982</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.363</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1699</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1987</td>\n",
       "      <td>62.351</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1700</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1992</td>\n",
       "      <td>60.377</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1701</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>1997</td>\n",
       "      <td>46.809</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1702</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>2002</td>\n",
       "      <td>39.989</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "    <tr>\n",
       "      <th>1703</th>\n",
       "      <td>Zimbabwe</td>\n",
       "      <td>Africa</td>\n",
       "      <td>2007</td>\n",
       "      <td>43.487</td>\n",
       "    </tr>\n",
       "  </tbody>\n",
       "</table>\n",
       "<p>1704 rows × 4 columns</p>\n",
       "</div>"
      ],
      "text/plain": [
       "          country continent  year  lifeExp\n",
       "0     Afghanistan      Asia  1952   28.801\n",
       "1     Afghanistan      Asia  1957   30.332\n",
       "2     Afghanistan      Asia  1962   31.997\n",
       "3     Afghanistan      Asia  1967   34.020\n",
       "4     Afghanistan      Asia  1972   36.088\n",
       "5     Afghanistan      Asia  1977   38.438\n",
       "6     Afghanistan      Asia  1982   39.854\n",
       "7     Afghanistan      Asia  1987   40.822\n",
       "8     Afghanistan      Asia  1992   41.674\n",
       "9     Afghanistan      Asia  1997   41.763\n",
       "10    Afghanistan      Asia  2002   42.129\n",
       "11    Afghanistan      Asia  2007   43.828\n",
       "12        Albania    Europe  1952   55.230\n",
       "13        Albania    Europe  1957   59.280\n",
       "14        Albania    Europe  1962   64.820\n",
       "15        Albania    Europe  1967   66.220\n",
       "16        Albania    Europe  1972   67.690\n",
       "17        Albania    Europe  1977   68.930\n",
       "18        Albania    Europe  1982   70.420\n",
       "19        Albania    Europe  1987   72.000\n",
       "20        Albania    Europe  1992   71.581\n",
       "21        Albania    Europe  1997   72.950\n",
       "22        Albania    Europe  2002   75.651\n",
       "23        Albania    Europe  2007   76.423\n",
       "24        Algeria    Africa  1952   43.077\n",
       "25        Algeria    Africa  1957   45.685\n",
       "26        Algeria    Africa  1962   48.303\n",
       "27        Algeria    Africa  1967   51.407\n",
       "28        Algeria    Africa  1972   54.518\n",
       "29        Algeria    Africa  1977   58.014\n",
       "...           ...       ...   ...      ...\n",
       "1674  Yemen, Rep.      Asia  1982   49.113\n",
       "1675  Yemen, Rep.      Asia  1987   52.922\n",
       "1676  Yemen, Rep.      Asia  1992   55.599\n",
       "1677  Yemen, Rep.      Asia  1997   58.020\n",
       "1678  Yemen, Rep.      Asia  2002   60.308\n",
       "1679  Yemen, Rep.      Asia  2007   62.698\n",
       "1680       Zambia    Africa  1952   42.038\n",
       "1681       Zambia    Africa  1957   44.077\n",
       "1682       Zambia    Africa  1962   46.023\n",
       "1683       Zambia    Africa  1967   47.768\n",
       "1684       Zambia    Africa  1972   50.107\n",
       "1685       Zambia    Africa  1977   51.386\n",
       "1686       Zambia    Africa  1982   51.821\n",
       "1687       Zambia    Africa  1987   50.821\n",
       "1688       Zambia    Africa  1992   46.100\n",
       "1689       Zambia    Africa  1997   40.238\n",
       "1690       Zambia    Africa  2002   39.193\n",
       "1691       Zambia    Africa  2007   42.384\n",
       "1692     Zimbabwe    Africa  1952   48.451\n",
       "1693     Zimbabwe    Africa  1957   50.469\n",
       "1694     Zimbabwe    Africa  1962   52.358\n",
       "1695     Zimbabwe    Africa  1967   53.995\n",
       "1696     Zimbabwe    Africa  1972   55.635\n",
       "1697     Zimbabwe    Africa  1977   57.674\n",
       "1698     Zimbabwe    Africa  1982   60.363\n",
       "1699     Zimbabwe    Africa  1987   62.351\n",
       "1700     Zimbabwe    Africa  1992   60.377\n",
       "1701     Zimbabwe    Africa  1997   46.809\n",
       "1702     Zimbabwe    Africa  2002   39.989\n",
       "1703     Zimbabwe    Africa  2007   43.487\n",
       "\n",
       "[1704 rows x 4 columns]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "data.iloc[:, 0:4]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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